
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ (mean = 2.24, sd = 1.69)}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ (mean = 0.26, sd = 0.44)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
                               & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.086$^{***}$ & 0.080$^{***}$ & 0.023$^{**}$  & 0.021$^{**}$\\   
                               & (0.027)       & (0.027)       & (0.011)       & (0.010)\\   
   Predicted population        &               & -0.023        &               & -0.009\\   
                               &               & (0.038)       &               & (0.008)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.313$^{**}$  & 0.285$^{**}$  & 0.085$^{*}$   & 0.076$^{*}$\\   
                                         & (0.124)       & (0.114)       & (0.047)       & (0.043)\\   
   Population                            &               & -0.067        &               & -0.022$^{*}$\\   
                                         &               & (0.045)       &               & (0.011)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 26            & 40; 2224      & 26            & 40; 2224\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-5}
& \multicolumn{2}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}  \cmidrule(lr){4-5}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.276$^{***}$ & 0.302$^{***}$ &  & 0.080         \\
                               & (0.054)       & (0.052)       &  & (0.055)       \\
   Predicted population        &               & 0.101$^{***}$ &  & 0.768$^{***}$ \\
                               &               & (0.030)       &  & (0.043)       \\
    \\
   Inventor fixed effects      & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period-State fixed effects  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


